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solving problems

  • 1 solving problems

    n.
    • resolución de problemas s.f.

    English-spanish dictionary > solving problems

  • 2 solving problems

    • riešenia problémov

    English-Slovak dictionary > solving problems

  • 3 help with solving problems

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > help with solving problems

  • 4 solving control problems

    Программирование: решение задач управления

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > solving control problems

  • 5 problem solving

    Gen Mgt
    a systematic approach to overcoming obstacles or problems in the management process. Problems occur when something is not behaving as it should, when something deviates from the norm, or when something goes wrong. A number of problem solving methodologies exist, but the most widely used is that proposed by Charles H. Kepner and Benjamin B. Tregoe. Steps in their problem solving process include: recognizing a problem exists and defining it; generating a variety of solutions; evaluating the possible solutions and choosing the best one; implementing the solution and evaluating its effectiveness in solving the problem. Various techniques can aid problem solving, such as brainstorming, fishbone charts, and Pareto charts.

    The ultimate business dictionary > problem solving

  • 6 problem solving

    cooperative problem solving — решение задач в режиме сотрудничества; кооперативное решение задач

    problem solving ability — способность к решению задач; способность к автоматическому решению задач

    on-line problem solving — решение задач в централизованном режиме; решение задач в режиме онлайн; решение задач в реальном масштабе времени

    English-Russian dictionary of Information technology > problem solving

  • 7 problem-solving service

    1) эк., упр. услуги по принятию решений [решению проблем\] (услуги в форме ответов на вопросы, консультирования и т. п., оказываемые сотрудникам и клиентам организации)
    2) упр. служба принятия решений [решения проблем, помощи\] (структурное подразделение некоторых организаций, предоставляющее услуги по решению проблем сотрудникам или клиентам организации)

    Our problem solving service will assist students to find solutions to a wide variety of problems in a wide variety of disciplines via e-mail or fax. — Наша служба принятия решений будет помогать студентам в решении проблем по различным дисциплинам посредством e-mail или факса.

    The IfM has established a problem solving service that provides support in problem solving to small to medium sized manufacturing companies. — Компания IfM организовала службу принятия решений для оказания поддержки в решении проблем мелким и средним производственным фирмам.

    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > problem-solving service

  • 8 central ingredient in solving control problems

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > central ingredient in solving control problems

  • 9 he occupied himself with solving some algebra problems

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > he occupied himself with solving some algebra problems

  • 10 idea of inversion as the central ingredient in solving control problems

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > idea of inversion as the central ingredient in solving control problems

  • 11 in the early 1960s the size and types of problems were limited both by the capacity of early computers and by the lack of algorithm technology for their solving

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > in the early 1960s the size and types of problems were limited both by the capacity of early computers and by the lack of algorithm technology for their solving

  • 12 on solving environmental problems

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > on solving environmental problems

  • 13 the above procedure can be used for approximately solving the problems of oscillatory system with distributed parameters

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the above procedure can be used for approximately solving the problems of oscillatory system with distributed parameters

  • 14 mathematical problems solving

    * * *

    rješavanje matematičkih zadataka

    English-Croatian dictionary > mathematical problems solving

  • 15 Accommodation FA (ACM)

    1. ФНД «Размещение»

     

    ФНД «Размещение»
    Во время Игр ФНД «Размещение» осуществляет надзор за осуществлением процедур размещения, в соответствии с соглашениями, подписанными с гостиницами и клиентскими группами. Основной деятельностью ФНД «Размещение» будет взаимодействие с гостиницами и разрешение проблем, с которыми сталкиваются гости. Приоритеты ФНД «Размещение» на период Игр:
    • гибкое и эффективное взаимодействие с гостиницами;
    • управление основными процедурами размещения;
    • обработка последних изменений в бронировании;
    • решение проблем и вопросов, связанных с размещением клиентских групп;
    • функционирование информационных стоек ФНД «Размещение» в аэропорту, ГМЦ, горном вспомогательном медиацентре и основных гостиницах, где проживают клиенты;
    • управление номерным фондом гостиниц и Программой перепродажи номеров.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    Accommodation FA (ACM)
    At the Games time Accommodation FA oversees implementation of accommodation procedures in accordance with agreements signed with the hotels and client groups. The main activity of the ACM is coordination with hotels, solving problems encountered by the guests. Games-time priorities for ACM are:
    • smooth and efficient cooperation with hotels
    • managing of major accommodation procedures
    • processing of last minute changes in reservations
    • solving client groups' lodging problems, issues
    • operations of Accommodation information desks in airport, MMC, mountain media sub-center and main client hotels
    • managing hotel room inventory and Resale program.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Accommodation FA (ACM)

  • 16 Thinking

       But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)
       I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)
       Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)
       In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)
       Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)
       There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)
       But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)
       It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)
       The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)
       Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)
       What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)
       [E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking

  • 17 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

  • 18 courtesy booth

    1) торг. справочное бюро* (отдел магазина, в котором покупатели могут навести справки, договориться от встрече с управляющим магазина, размещении специального заказа, возврате покупки и т. д.)

    Courtesy booth clerks provide many services to our customers, including solving problems and selling convenience items like postage stamps and lottery tickets. — Служащие справочного бюро оказывают нашим клиентам множество услуг, включая решение проблем и продажу товаров повседневного спроса, таких как почтовые марки и лотерейные билеты.

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > courtesy booth

  • 19 GRASP

    5) Юридический термин: Guard Response Alternative Sentencing Program
    9) Деловая лексика: Getting Results And Solving Problems
    11) Расширение файла: Animation (GRAphical System for Presentation format)
    12) Общественная организация: Greece Residents Assisting Stray Pets

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > GRASP

  • 20 IDEAL

    1) Компьютерная техника: Ideal Distance Education Administrative Language
    3) Сокращение: Interactive Database Editor And Linker, Identify, Define, Explore, Action, Lookback (Process for solving problems.)
    4) Университет: Initiate, Diagnose, Establish, Act, And Learn
    5) Деловая лексика: Initiate Diagnose Establish Act And Leverage
    7) Нефть и газ: Integrated Drilling Evaluation and Logging (Schlumberger), комплексная система идентификации пластов и ГИС при бурении

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > IDEAL

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